你或许很早就知道二手烟的损害，并尽或许防止和吸烟者共处一室，可是即便房间内没有吸烟者，你也或许吸入“三手烟”。由于烟雾中的尼古丁等有毒化学物质会附着在墙面、床布、地毯、衣服乃至皮肤上，只需是吸烟者逗留过的当地，你就或许遭到“三手烟”的毒害。
You can tell the dude sitting next to you in the movie theater is a smoker or vaper; you can smell it on his clothes. But since he's not lighting up and puffing smoke your way, it's OK, right?
你能够辨别出电影院里坐在你周围的人吸不吸烟，你能够从他的衣服上闻到烟味。但只需他不点燃卷烟并向着你吞云吐雾，就不会损害你的健康，对吗？
Not at all.
彻底不对。
A new study out of Yale University says thirdhand smoke -- the tobacco contaminants that adhere to walls, bedding, carpet and other surfaces until a room smells like an ashtray -- can actually cling to a smoker's body and clothes as well.
耶鲁大学的一项新研讨指出，三手烟，即吸附在墙面、床布被褥、地毯和其他外表的烟草污染物，让房间闻起来像烟灰缸，事实上也会附着在吸烟者的身体和衣服上。
Those potentially toxic chemicals, including nicotine, can then be released into environments where smoking has never occurred, like your movie theater, according to the study.
研讨发现，（吸附在吸烟者身上的）包含尼古丁在内的这些潜在的有毒化学物质之后会被释放到没人吸过烟的环境中，比方电影院。
Even more disturbing: The study found those chemical exposure levels could be the equivalent of between one and 10 cigarettes by the end of the movie.
更让人困扰的是：研讨发现，看完一场电影，暴露在这些化学物质中所受的损害相当于吸了1到10根烟。
"People are substantial carriers of thirdhand smoke contaminants to other environments," said study author Drew Gentner, an associate professor of chemical and environmental engineering at Yale.
研讨陈述的作者、耶鲁大学化学与环境工程学副教授德鲁·金特纳说：“人们是将三手烟污染物携带到其他环境的重要载体。”
The study, published in the journal Science Advances, may be the first to show that people can transmit nicotine and other potentially toxic chemicals via their clothing after smoking, he said.
他说，这项宣布在《科学发展》期刊上的研讨或许是第一个标明人们吸烟后能够终究靠衣服来传达尼古丁和其他潜在有毒化学物质的研讨。
"That was the unique part of this study," Gentner continued. "We were surprised by the wide array of hazardous volatile organic compounds that were off-gassing from the audience -- including some that are known to be carcinogens in people, such as benzene and formaldehyde."
金特纳继续说道：“这是本研讨的一个共同之处。观众身上发出出的挥发性有害有机化合物——包含苯和甲醛等已知致癌物——品种之多让我们感到惊奇。”
什么是“三手烟”？
Thirdhand "smoke" isn't actually smoke at all. It's the residue of nicotine and other chemicals in tobacco, some of which are toxic, that remain long after active smoking is over.
三手烟其实底子不是烟。它是卷烟中的尼古丁和其他化学物质的残留，其间一些化学物质是有毒的，在吸完烟很久后还能留存。
Some of these chemicals stick to surfaces, and others attach to dust particles. Still others often penetrate deep into wallboard, drapes and upholstery. As the compounds linger, they may react with oxidants or other particles in the room's atmosphere. The chemical reactions can create potentially harmful byproducts that can become airborne.
有些化学物质会附着在外表上，其他一些则会附着在粉尘上。还有一些化学物质经常会进入墙板、窗布和家具装饰品。在化合物逗留期间，它们或许会和室内空气中的氧化物或其他颗粒发作化学反应。这些化学反应会发作有潜在损害的副产物，并经过空气传达。
upholstery[ p ho lst ri]: n. 家具装饰品（或衬垫等）
Science has known about this type of environmental pollution for years, sparking the creation of smoking and non-smoking rooms at hotels, restaurants and the like.
这种环境污染早在多年前就已被科学家知晓，并催生出酒店、餐厅等场所的吸烟室和无烟室。
But thirdhand smoke has also been found in environments which were not known to be contaminated by smokers, which led researchers to ask how that could happen.
可是在未被吸烟者污染过的环境中也发现了三手烟，这让研讨人员提问：这是怎样发作的？
To find out, Gentner and some of his PhD students set up an experiment in a movie theater that had not allowed smoking for more than 15 years. They supplied fresh air into the theater, making sure that no smoking or other contaminants entered the space.
为了找寻答案，金特纳和他的一些博士生在一家禁烟超越15年的电影院展开了一个试验。他们给影院输入新鲜空气，保证烟雾和其他污染物不进入这一空间。
Sophisticated equipment measured airborne particles before and after moviegoers arrived. Right away, they saw a huge spike in levels of hazardous chemicals.
在观众抵达影院前后，他们用精细的仪器测量了空气中的颗粒物。很快，他们就看见有害化学物质的水平大幅上升。
As people came into the theater, the concentrations went up, and then decreased over time, Gentner said.
金特纳说，跟着时下人们进入影院，有害化学物质的浓度上升了，但跟着时刻曩昔又下降了。
"But they didn't completely disappear after the audience left," he added. "In many cases, the persistent contamination was observable the following day in the unoccupied theater."
“可是这些有害化学物质没有在观众离去后彻底消失，”他弥补道，“许多情况下，在影院无人时，第二天仍然能够观察到继续的污染。”
The testing continued over a four-day period across different movie genres. Perhaps not surprisingly, levels of nicotine and other chemicals were lower in the G-rated movies geared toward kids.
接下来，研讨人员在四地利刻内针对不同的影片类型继续进行测验。成果发现，尼古丁和其他化学物质的水平在播映面向儿童的G级电影时更低，这或许并不令人意外。
"Despite cases where we had audiences of over 200 people for some of the G-rated movies, the pollutants were much larger for R-rated films, even with smaller audiences," Gentner said. "Those movies would likely draw older audiences that might be more likely to smoke."
“部分G级电影有超越200人观看，但播映R级电影时，即便观众人数较少，发作的污染物水平也要高得多，”金特纳说，“R级电影更或许招引年岁较大的观众，这些人更或许吸烟。”
Despite declines in smoking in some developed nations, there are still over a billion smokers worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
国际卫生组织称，虽然一些发达国家的吸烟率降低了，但国际范围内还有超10亿名吸烟者。
"That billion smokers contribute to about 880,000 deaths from secondhand smoke," said Dr. Jagat Narula, a cardiologist at Mount Sinai Morningside in New York City who researches the health impact of smoking. "I call it a form of murder."
纽约市西奈山晨边医院的心脏病科医师雅佳特·纳如拉说：“这10亿吸烟者导致约88万人死于二手烟。我把这种行为称为谋杀的一种。”纳如拉医师研讨吸烟对健康的影响。
Learning about the Yale study's findings on the level of off-gassing from human bodies and clothing was not surprising, said Narula, who was not involved in the study.
在了解耶鲁大学关于人体和衣服发出三手烟的发现后，没有参加该研讨的纳如拉表明并不惊奇。
"But it is disturbing," he said. "Numerous reports have shown that there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
“可是这让人感到不安，”他说，“许多陈述数据显现不管吸入的二手烟量有多小，都是不安全的。”
"If future research replicates these findings on thirdhand smoke, it means that smokers could potentially still do harm even if the act of smoking took place in a different space."
“假如未来的研讨证明了关于三手烟的这一发现，这在某种程度上预示着即便吸烟者在另一个空间吸烟，也会对别人形成潜在损害。”
本文转自：中国日报网英语点津
图片来自：pexels
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